Super Cheap Car Worth $ 2500

India made a breakthrough, one company of the country's Pop, Ratan Tata, releasing a small car at the Auto Expo in January 2008 in Paganti Maidan, India. Car named Nano. Who would have thought, Nano sells for $ 2500 (about 23 million rupiahs). It's cheaper than the price of other cars in general today, because this car was targeted as a replacement bike for the medium class. Although cheaper, Nano still brings comfort to its users, the specifications were not bad.

Tata Nano Technical Specifications are as follows:

1. Engine:
2 cylinder petrol with Bosch multi-point fuel injection (single injector) all aluminium 623 cc (38 cu in)
2 valves per cylinder overhead camshaft
Compression ratio – 9.5:1
bore × stroke 73.5 × 73.5 mm
Power: 33 PS (33 hp/24 kW) @ 5500 rpm
Torque: 48 N·m (35 ft·lbf) @ 2500 rpm
Rear wheel drive, 4-speed manual transmission
Steering – mechanical rack and pinion

2. Performance (Manufacturer Claims):
Acceleration: 0-70 km/h (43 mph): 14 seconds
Maximum speed: 105 km/h (65 mph)
Fuel economy (combined City + Highway): 20 kilometres per liter (5 L/100 km, 47 US mpg, 56 UK mpg)

3. Body and dimensions:

Rear of Tata Nano in YellowSeat belt: 2
Trunk capacity: 150 L (5.3 cu ft)

Red Tata Nano : Standard Model
Suspension, tires and brakes
Front brake: disc
Rear brake: drum
Front track: 1,325 mm (52.2 in)
Rear track: 1,315 mm (51.8 in)
Ground clearance: 180 mm (7.1 in)
Front suspension: McPherson strut with lower A arm
Rear suspension: Independent coil spring
12-inch wheels

Nano also includes efficient cars, to reach 20 km distance, Nano only spent 1 liter of gasoline.

In the early of 2009, heard news that this car will go on the market of Indonesia. However, the price could rise between 40-60 million rupiahs. Once the news I've heard. But so far, today I have not got a certainty whether the Nano will be or have actually sold to Indonesia. To be sure, after India Indonesia lobbied for the rights of Nano in the market access of Indonesia, Indonesia can not specify the decision.

"Yesterday the Ambassador of India could not ask for this car (Tata Nano) into Indonesia, but I can not say yes or no because we are members of the WTO that respects the principles of WTO rules," said Industry Minister Fahmi Idris, the opening of IIMS to -16, at the JCC, Jakarta, Friday (11/7/2008).

Flying Car Goes to Market

By Irene Klotz

updated 2:57 p.m. ET Jan. 22, 2009

Terrafugia - The Transition aircraft, shown in this illustration with its wings partially unfolded, can shift from road-worthiness to airworthiness. The vehicle carries a price tag of $194,000.

The aptly named Transition takes a stab at bridging the gap between automobiles and airplanes. Some people call it a flying car. The company designing and selling the vehicle prefers the term "roadable aircraft."

Either way, it boils down to this: You sit down behind the steering wheel, drive to the runway, unfold two wings and take off. You can fly 500 miles on a tank of gas — regular unleaded —and when you land, you simply fold up the wings and drive where you want to go. At the end of the day, you fly back, drive home and park inside your garage.

Terrafugia, of Woburn, Mass., is not the first firm to attempt what may be the ultimate hybrid.

"It's probably a concept that people have been dreaming up since there have been airplanes and cars," said Dick Knapinski with the Experimental Aircraft Association, a 55-year-old aviation group based in Oshkosh, Wisc.

A company called Aerocar of Longview, Wash., debuted one of the first flying cars in 1949. The company built six prototypes, one of which is sitting in the EAA's museum, but never went into production.

Terrafugia, founded in 2006 by a group of MIT students, has taken deposits for more than 40 Transitions and plans to begin deliveries in 2010, said Richard Gersh, vice president of business development.

The vehicles sell for $194,000.

Advances in materials and propulsion technologies are among the reasons why Terrafugia is in position for commercial success. But equally important, says Knapinski, is an easing of government regulations on private aircraft and pilot licensing.

In 2004, the Federal Aviation Administration created a new category of aircraft and license for sport aviation, an attempt to re-awaken interest in flying after steady drops in the number of licensed pilots.

In the United States, about 600,000 people are licensed to fly aircraft, a drop of 25 percent since 1980, Knapinski said.

"The FAA and the aviation industry realized there has to be a way to get people interested in flying. Even the airline pilots of today had to start somewhere with basic flying. There had to be an entry point that was practical and affordable," he said.

Sport pilot licenses don't require as many hours of training as private and commercial pilot licenses, though sport fliers are not eligible to take off and land at runways with air traffic control towers. The medical requirements for sport pilots also are less stringent than for other types of pilot licenses, matching what is needed for a driver's license.

"What the FAA and the government say by having that rule is that these vehicles have the same level of complexity as motor vehicles," Knapinski told Discovery News. "You fly in non-complex airspace at relatively low speed."

Regulations covering the new category of sport aviation aircraft likewise are reduced.

"It gives us an opportunity," said Terrafugia's Gersh. "We could never compete with Cessna or Boeing."

One of the biggest obstacles facing a company like Terrafugia in launching a personal aircraft is not technical in nature or even cost, added Knapinski. It's perception.

"The comfort level for a significant percentage of the population is not there," Knapinski said. "They just don't believe they can operate this type of machine."

Perhaps having an airplane under the same roof as the family car will be just the ticket.

Moller Sky Car M400

© 2010 Discovery Channel

Tracing the Sumerian

It is of considerable interest to trace where the ancient Sumerians emerged from because of their primary contribution to human civilization. It was suggested that Sumerians appeared in Southern Mesopotamia around five and half thousand years ago carrying with them the seeds of civilization. It was also suggested that they migrated from the west coast of India. The fact that they were not a local people is suggested by the fact that their language belongs to a completely different and isolated group. There are two further lines of investigation one may adopt to confirm this hypothesis. The first is to explore for other groups in India with a similar language and the second is to carry out a physical examination of the Sumerian skeletons as available at the present time to detect racial similarities.

In western India there are a number of tribal groups that have existed from ancient times. Today many live on the fringes of mainstream communities as exist in India today. The mainstream communities belong to either the Indo-Aryan or Dravidian linguistic groups. Sumerian does not belong to either. As regards the tribal, it is now fruitless to look for any similarities between Sumerian and present tribal languages in India because over thousands of years their original languages have disappeared because of the overwhelming influence of other languages. The western tribal communities of India now speak modified versions or mixtures of the mainstream languages. However, all is not lost because although the tribal in India such as kols and Bheels have been overly influenced, it is not so with some of their branches that migrated further east towards Australia in ancient times, and form a branch of the same human groups. One may then look for similarities between Sumerian and Austric languages. This study has in fact been already done and the consensus is a resounding, yes. The austric languages are indeed similar to ancient Sumerian. The similarities are so numerous and clear that they are beyond doubt or a result of any chance coincidence. (The Austric Origin of the Sumerian Language, Language Form, vol. 22, no.1-2, Jan.-Dec. 1996.)

Therefore now it may be said with confidence that ancient Sumerian is not a linguistic isolate. It belongs to the australoid/ austric group of languages. They belong to this group because the ancient tribal people of Indian west coast also belonged to the same group of people, and it is from here that they must have migrated to Mesopotamia. Both the Australoid and Austric type are found in India. There are clear reasons to rule out any other location for the Sumerian migration: Western India is geographically close to Southern Mesopotamia as compared to south East Asia and Australia and there are no know instances of civilization east of the Indus valley around five thousand years ago. Such evidence has been found in the Indus valley.

The second study concerns physical examination of Sumerian skulls. Buxton and Rice have found that of 26 Sumerian crania they examined 22 were Australoid or Austrics. Further According to Penniman who studied skulls from other Sumerian sites, the Australoid Eurafrican, Austric and Armenoid were the "racial" types associated with the Sumerians. Here is Penniman's description of the Austric type found at Sumer:

"These people are of medium stature, with complexion and hair like those of the Eurafrican, to which race they are allied with dark eyes, and oval faces, broad noses, rather feeble jaws, and slight sinewy bodies."

This description also closely describes the regal person seen on a famous clay tablet from the Indus Valley. This same tribe in an evolved version undoubtedly established the Indus civilization as well as the Sumerian one after the submergence of their coastal cities. In North-western India they would have encountered Neolithic people of Indo-European origin with which manpower they established the Indus cities. An analysis of skeletal remains from Indus valley confirms this mixture. Both the IndoSumerian-austric language must then have persisted side by side as in Mesopotamia with the official language of the rulers being IndoSumerian-austric. Just as in Mesopotamia, ancient Sumerian was replaced by the language of the majority(Akkadians) in the Indus valley it would have been replaced eventually by an Indo-Aryan language. At what precise moment in history this occurred is not certain but most probably the Sumerian language disappeared from India by 2000 BC. In this latter case there was no question of preserving it for ritual purposes either. This is because the IndoSumerian-Austric language never developed as a fully written language in India to inscribe full texts. In any case, a better Indo-Aryan language with its own full-fledged script soom emerged probably because of Hittite influences in the Indian sub-continent around that time.

Contribution of Armenians to ancient civilization

In the Indus valley from which the Sumerians emerged there were other tribes that lived in close proximity of the Austric Sumerians. These were prehistoric indo-Aryan tribes of an Armenian origin – followers of the God Ara. The indo Aryans were fair skinned and light haired. Hence the reason for the indo-Sumerians to label themselves as dark headed in comparison to the Ara people who were shining. Sumerians also began using the word Ara for fair and bright and eventually they labeled all indo-Aryan people as Ara or Arya. The word Armenian has its origin in AR-MA, i.e. the children of Ara and Ma the fertility Goddess.

Later indo-Aryan migrations of around 1500BC into the Indus regions were apparently of Hittite origin. Apparently, some intermarriage also took place between these indo-Sumerians and Armenians probably leading to a more vigorous community then would have been possible otherwise. A physical marriage also resulted in a marriage of the religious traditions of the Sumerian and Armenian tribes as well as the Sumerian language being influenced by Armenian. Such influences can be found by comparisons between the Armenian (or even Hungarian that emerged from ancient Armenian) and Sumerian language. Are was the Sun God and the roots of sun worship in the world appear to have an Aryan origin rather than a Sumerian one.
Archaeologists refer to Transcaucasus region, including modern Armenia, as the earliest known prehistoric culture in the area, carbon-dated to roughly 6000 - 4000 BC. A recently discovered tomb has been dated to 9000 BC. Another early culture in the Armenian Highland and surrounding areas, the Kura-Araxes culture, is assigned the period of ca. 4000 - 2200 BC. Armenians are one of the oldest Indo-European subgroups. Therefore, it is not surprising that from amongst the Aryans it was the Armenians who spread around the ancient world of Mesopatomia and Indus valley first. The Hittite Aryans that became more powerful than the Armenians by 1500 BC were close neighbors and racial cousins of the Armenians, at times clashing with them and at times co-existing, yet probably gaining form the interaction at all times.

Buxton and Rice have found that of 26 Sumerian crania they examined 22 were Australoid or Austrics and four armennoid. Further According to Penniman who studied skulls from other Sumerian sites, the Australoid Eurafrican, Austric and Armenoid were the "racial" types associated with the Sumerians. Certainly it cannot be confirmed without further investigation if the Sumerian-Armenian alliance took place on Sumerian or Indian soil. It is also not certain if it was a forced or voluntary one. The fair skinned Armenian ladies are likely to have regarded the dark broad nosed Sumerians as ugly. Nevertheless, it may be deduced that the earliest Sumerians who introduced civilization in our world were around 85% Austric and 15% Armenian Aryans.

It is surprising that one of the most significant contributions to mankind should come from the Austric/australoid races. Elsewhere their contribution has not been remarkable. However, apparently a small genetic change is all that is necessary for this achievement. Similar races have illustrated that this can happen elsewhere as well. An example of that is Angkor Vat of Cambodia that illustrates technical mastery on an unprecedented scale, noted for its architectural and artistic perfection, not to mention its sheer size, Angkor Vat is the most famous and no doubt the most remarkable of all of ancient temples with extraordinary architectural and artistic innovations, one of the grandest achievements of mankind.

Holocaust : Truth or Hoax?

One Survivor's Testimony

by William Samelson, Ph.D.
Visiting Professor, Trinity University

The Holocaust is an irrefutable fact. As a survivor of several labor and concentration camps, and as one whose entire family, save my elder brother, was murdered by Nazi thugs, I sincerely wish it had not occurred. It is also irrefutable that I am still here - a reminder of those barbaric acts perpetrated not so long ago on the European Jews by an ostensibly civilized German nation. Law-abiding, ordinary citizens of the Third Reich turned fanatical, implementing their beloved Führer's agenda of murder and destruction. They became killers for him and we became the survivors of his madness. We were not expected to remain alive and give testimony to their crimes against humanity. Alas, it can not be denied that I survived this disaster: the most horrendous calamity of the twentieth century. I am here, alive. I represent the tragic truth. It is my belief that I was spared for this purpose. It is now my moral responsibility to bear witness for as long as I shall live, for I am the truth and will not be silenced by lies. To deny the truth, the awful facts of the Holocaust, is simply to lie.

The evidence, of course, is overwhelming. The countless photographs (most of them taken by Nazi SS and military personnel), testimonies of survivors, and Allied liberators as well as from Nazi documentation media and their war-time propaganda films all prove that this mass Judeocide took place. Yet, there are a number of people that claim it was all nothing more than a hoax. These deniers call themselves "revisionist historians." Their express purpose is to alter documented historical fact. In the process, they turn scholarship into mockery, transforming truth into a make-believe fantasy spawned from unmitigated cynicism. They use the resulting misinformation to spread their anti-Jewish beliefs to the general public. Moreover, their theories, derived from blatant fabrication of data, misquotations, and quotations used out of context, are presented under the deceptive mask of scholarship and are made available to the world by way of the Internet, radio, and television. Although only relatively few fringe groups, propagandists, and pseudo-scholars embrace Holocaust denial, their activity is increasing and the potential for their influence to grow is evident. Therefore, it is incumbent upon all Holocaust survivors, historians, and those sincere chroniclers of the Holocaust to inform the world of the truth before the peoples around the world potentially fall prey, over time, to collective amnesia and adopt a romantic mythical view of the past events.

In Mein Kampf (My Struggle), Adolf Hitler expressed his belief that "the great masses of people...more easily fall victim to a big lie than to a little one" (p. 231); and that the simplest ideas "should be repeated thousands of times" so people will remember them (p. 185). Essentially, Holocaust denial is one big, bold, lie. In an attempt to legitimize the Nazi regime, revive National Socialism, forward their theory of a Jewish-Zionist conspiracy and, evidently, justify their virulent anti-Judaism, deniers repeat this lie over and over. They hide their aims under such legitimate-sounding organizations as the "Institute for Historical Review" and the "Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust." Some deniers have the audacity call themselves "scholars" or "historians." Whichever way they chose to identify themselves, their intentions have nothing to do with the preservation of history but with its distortion.

The deniers' basic belief is that the "myth" of the Holocaust is a way for "organized world Jewry" to gain sympathy and financial support for the Zionist cause and to render themselves immune from criticism. Furthermore, the deniers also claim that the Allies' atrocities during the Second World War were just as bad, if not worse than the Nazis' atrocities, and finally, that Hitler did not even want war and did not order the extermination of the Jews in Europe. These are main points of the deniers' "big lie."

Denying the fact that the Holocaust occurred makes about as much sense as claiming that the earth is flat. It was the meticulous Nazis themselves who produced a large portion of the documents now available to anyone who desires to peruse them. They all point to the deniers' hypocrisy and make it plain that their claim to a "Holocaust hoax" is an unmitigated farce. Furthermore, contrary to the deniers' assertions, Hitler was fully aware of and did, in fact, order the annihilation of the European Jews. The facts of the Holocaust are so well documented in serious scholarly accounts that denial of Hitler's responsibility for the murder of the Jews is too preposterous to require refutation and argument. Hitler explicitly stated his murderous intentions in some of his speeches, as in the following:

Today I want to be a prophet once more: If international finance Jewry inside and outside of Europe should succeed once more in plunging nations into another world war, the consequence will not be the Bolshevization of the earth and thereby the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe...



In fact, most serious historians also believe that the extermination of the Jews was Hitler's most consistent policy, in whose execution he persisted relentlessly. Hitler's compulsive-obsessive attitude in regard to the Jews may even have cost him his war. I can attest to the fact as one of the frequently "resettled" victims, that the Jewish transports of slave laborers and those destined for extermination in Hitler's killing factories, were always given highest priority right of way on our journeys. This was done even at the expense of retarding the flow of vital transports of materiel and personnel to the Nazi front lines at a time when those were critically needed.

To this day, documents demanding the annihilation of the European Jews are being discovered in Russian archives. Hitler's intentions, as outlined in his various speeches, written orders, and his Mein Kampf, were obvious. His obsession with war was also plain. Hitler raved incessantly about a "Holy War," "preparing for war," and a "plan for the next war" (pp. 658-660). After reading Hitler's speeches and his book, it is impossible not to acknowledge his plans for Germany, for Europe, and the world. The deniers ignore these words or grossly misconstrue them in order to formulate their own fanciful fables.

Another tenet of the deniers' philosophy is that there is a moral equivalence between the wartime actions of the Allies, which may have resulted in civilian deaths, such as the bombing of Dresden, and atrocities committed by the Nazis. It is similar to the comparison a few make between a legal execution and a murder during a robbery. One of the most prominent American "revisionist" historians, Harry Elmer Barnes claimed that:

...the atrocities of the Allies in the same period were more numerous as to victims and were carried out for the most part by methods more brutal and painful than alleged extermination in gas ovens ...

Barnes failed to note the difference between war casualties and the mass murder of the millions of non-combatant people. The Jews of Europe never declared a fight against Hitler in his "Holy War," although he vowed to annihilate them. War between armed military entities is not genocide, therefore Nazi atrocities are not comparable to the war action of the Allies. It is inappropriate to even compare the two. The deniers and the revisionists ignore the obvious distinctions between war and murder, Nazi pagan barbarism and Allied necessity.

Another revisionist claim, an obvious result of anti-Judaism, makes the assertion that the Jews' primary concern regarding the Holocaust is the acquisition of money. According to the deniers, Jews use the "hoax" of the Holocaust in order to milk money from sympathizers for their homeland in Israel and to accomplish total domination of the financial world. For example, the infamous French "revisionist," Paul Rassinier declared that:

...the aim of the Zionists is the gold of Fort Knox. If the plan should succeed - and all that is needed is for the American branch of international Zionism to get its hand on Wall Street - the Israeli home-port of the Diaspora would become the command post of all the world's industry. Then at the very least, it could be said that the designation 'Chosen People' which the Jews claim for themselves, would assume its full significance.

This is pseudo-historical interpretation to ridiculous limits. Sparked by their innate hatred of Jews, deniers stereotype Jews as money-grabbers, dishonest businessmen, and avaricious bankers. Through this racist-revisionist theory, the deniers can not only write off the Holocaust as a "hoax"; they can use it as a means to justify their misinterpretation of Jewish intent. As a survivor of the Holocaust, I can not permit this injustice being wrought on the millions of innocent victims of Nazi assassins. Allowing this deception to flourish unabated would subject all those gentle, beloved people to suffer their deaths a thousandfold. Clearly, the deniers' currency is counterfeit; mine is legitimate tender.

Their theories are proof positive that Holocaust deniers must be either incredibly ignorant or utterly unrealistic. But if Holocaust denial is so absurd, why should we bother to research its aims? I believe that in order to separate fact from fiction, it is important to learn about the fiction as well as the facts. As a survivor of the Holocaust, I have experienced the factual consequences of that tragic event at great losses to myself and my family. When I confront the deniers' fictional interpretations of the Holocaust, I can distinguish between them accordingly. Needless to say, there is a large segment of the general public that does not have this advantage. This population will inevitably grow with ignorance, ingrained prejudice or plain naiveté. There will always exist people who will be susceptible to the propaganda generated by the deniers of the Holocaust.

Even in America, TV show and radio hosts, in their efforts to gain better ratings, try to convey "both sides of the story" by inviting both Holocaust survivors (or historians) and Holocaust deniers to explain themselves on their programs. The problem with this idea is that the Holocaust did happen. There is no "other side" to the issue. The very fact that the radio-TV host invites the denier to the show in order to debate the issues opposite a survivor or a bona-fide historian gives the deniers' revisionist beliefs undeserved legitimacy and publicity.

Moreover, Holocaust denial has filtered through in other ways to an unsuspecting public. For instance, syndicated columnist Pat Buchanan, who twice ran for president, has made references to the so-called Holocaust "Survivor Syndrome" and claimed that it was "physically impossible for the gas chambers at Treblinka to have functioned as a killing apparatus." Although Holocaust denial is an idea shared only by a few fringe groups, Jew-baiters, and propagandists, its theories have already taken root in American media and politics.

Historian Michael Sturmer asserts that "in a land without history, the future is controlled by those who determine the content of memory, who coin concepts and interpret the past." Such an assertion is especially applicable to the Holocaust. As we, the survivors, become scarce, there will be fewer sources of primary information about the Holocaust in the world. Furthermore, the essence of truth vested with the authority of the eyewitness, will no longer prevail. They will no longer be able to impress future generations with the horrors of Nazi genocide. It is hard to conceive whether or not the Holocaust denial movement could further its influence. However, it is up to the vigilance of authentic historians and serious scholars to prevent its spread by educating the general public on how to separate fact from fiction and valid historical interpretation from the "revisionist" propaganda. We hope that future generations of discerning individuals will realize that the deniers' diatribes are used not only to discredit the Holocaust victims, but also to tarnish the veracity of eyewitness accounts.

Moses Maimonides said it most succinctly in his brilliant treatise Guide of the Perplexed (xxxi, p. 41): "...A proposition which can be proved by evidence is not subject to dispute, denial or rejection; no one but the ignorant would contradict it, and such contradiction is called 'denial of demonstrated proof.' Facts are only doubted by those who ignore things fully proved."

Let Us Know : Mistery Behind Bermuda Triangle

The art or science of metallurgy is vital to the social structures surrounding all esoteric beliefs. They are the most tangible items of the cosmic soup that are possibly drawn to certain Earth Energy Grid locations as we shall see. The shamans who gathered meteorite material to fashion tools and weapons as well as for the use of the metals and spirits thereof became great aristocrats, as their family or heritage and legends grew. Genghis Khan (Temujin) is from such a family and most of the early aristocrats were either adept (like the House of David and Solomon) themselves or worked closely with these artisans who we could call alchemists, as Mircae Eliade does in his 'The Forge and The Crucible'. When the Spanish arrived in Mayan lands they asked the Aztecs and others where their knives came from, they also found a meteorite at the venerated apex of the Cholula pyramid. They pointed to the heavens and the Spanish reports call this paganism. When this use of metals began is anyone's guess.

It requires no great debate or references of authorities to know the almost ultimate import of meteors in the ancient past when one considers just these two things. The Ka'aba is a black meteorite in Mecca and there is a ritual among the Islamic faithful who must visit it once in their lifetime. That ritual of approaching this sacred relic from very ancient times (before Islam) is learned by all of Islam. In Mexico there are pyramids with churches on top (now) that used to house meteorites.

"In 1969, a Japanese scientific expedition was trekking near the Yamato Mountains, in the region of the Antarctic {Under international domain.} icecap that lies directly south of Africa. The Japanese found nine dark meteorites lying close together on the surface of the ice.

Given meteorites' scarcity, the expedition leaders assumed that the nine samples they found were fragments of a single large specimen that had broken apart in its fall to the ice. To their amazement, however, they soon discovered that their finds were all of different types and chemical compositions. They were not pieces of one rock. They had not even formed in the same region of the solar system. This was thrilling! The convergence of nine separate thunders tones at that single spot implied that the ice sheet itself was somehow collecting those rarities of nature and sweeping them together.

The Japanese mounted more expeditions to the Yamato ice in 1973, 1974, 1975, and 1979, and they were rewarded with a grand total of 3,000 meteorites. Every year since then, during the brief Antarctic summer, international expeditions have converged on the Japanese rock gardens. Each small meteorite is photographed where it lies and then nudged gingerly into a teflon bag, which is an awkward procedure when performed with thick mittens and in deep subzero cold, with the stone skittering on the ice. Once bagged, each specimen is shipped home and studied in an antiseptic laboratory, using the same sort of apparatus built to study Moon rocks. The sample is never touched by human hands.” (1)

They go on to describe the then existing theory of the Big Bang but no mention of how these rocks get there and keep getting there. What might be happening here? Is there a case of affinity at work (my encyclopedia has an in depth description of affinity)? Is there intelligent design or what? The Pasadena lab where a lot of these things are studied is known as the Lunatic Asylum. A member of my sister-in-law's family works for JPL there, and travels all around the world doing things they never get to know about anymore. Is it because she isn't allowed to tell them or is it because the family used to call her ideas and the things we would talk about 'sheer lunacy'? What happened in the 8 billion years or so between the formation of our known universe and the formation of our Milky Way comprised of countless solar systems? The numbers are so incredible that the mind can't conceive what is in just the known universe, and there are others we put outside the words 'known universe'. Who is able to do more than worship this phantasm or orgy of 'luna'-cy (luna=moon)?

“‘It looks as if Venus may have had oceans hundreds of millions of years ago," says planetologist Jim Head. If so, Venus would have been very much more like Earth. Its continents may have enjoyed rivers, streams, puffy white clouds, and pleasant weather… Will the human volcano heat Planet Earth until all the seas go dry and lead melts in the sunlight? Are we already on the downhill path to Venus?” (2)

The reason the rocks are drawn to Mt. Yamato may have something to do with the Earth Energy Grid which has two bands of energy ‘blobs’ or vortices around the world. Mt. Yamato would be a site where the opposite energy may exist. I will not be able to prove it but I will present some interesting data on the likes of the Bermuda Triangle from the early research of Ivan Sanderson whose work is continued in another very recent book which I will cover as well.

First of all let me say I think a very large meteor was drawn to the area of the Bermuda Triangle in 8350 BCE or thereabouts. The cobalt and nickel left there from this meteor will throw electrical guidance systems haywire and this has been demonstrated by credible researchers. I have dealt with it extensively in other books. It is called the Carolina Bays Event and I think it provides a reason why there is a 2200 foot drop to an urban site now being looked into off the coast of Cuba. The plate tectonics of rising mountains in the Andes would be far too early to tie in with this sudden drop of a city or urban center, I think. This excerpt also addresses the region of Japan where recent finds of semi-Pyramidal structures are being researched. That site is Yonaguni and there are others near there.

“The Disposition of Anomalies

We have spent a perhaps inordinate amount of time discussing the things that called attention to these ‘Vile Vortices’ in order to demonstrate the extent and character of the phenomenon. I think the time has now come for some detailed analysis of and comment upon this business as a whole; and from this we may proceed to some speculation.

The popular idea has been that there is one roughly triangular area with sides running from Bermuda to central Florida and thence to Puerto Rico in which a large number of planes have simply vanished without a trace.

This is a glamorous notion, but on proper analysis, it does not stand up. It is not a triangle, and its periphery is much greater than the one outlined above. In fact, the area in which such disappearances, or alleged disappearances, have been recorded forms a large, sort of lozenge-shaped {These lozenge lattices are found all around many ‘keltoi’ sites like the Tarim Basin of recent discovery. Mandalas are designed according to energy flow. The energy that taught or that they observed is all important.} area which is neither centered on the Oceanic island of Bermuda not can it in any way be depended from it. We have plotted all the ‘disappearances’—and please remember that this is something quite different from mere sinking of ships and submarines, or ditchings of planes—reported from this area and found that it slops way over the original so-called ‘triangle.’ After this discovery, the question naturally arose as t the uniqueness of this funny blob, which extends from about 30degrees to 40 degrees north latitude, and from about 55 degrees to 85 degrees west. Was it unique?

We knew already that there was at least one other such area alleged to exist. This lies some 250 miles south of the Japanese island of Honshu about longitude 140 degrees east. We therefore started to work, gathering records of ships lost and planes vanishing around this point which, as a matter of fact, had up till then been only mentioned—and rather casually at that. The outcome was not just amazing; it was positively startling. Plane after plane on its way south to Guam appears to have vanished, and this with disturbing frequency. So we started plotting again, and despite the usually very vague locations given—and no wonder, considering that these planes disappeared without radio signals or any trace—another lozenge-shaped blob came to light.

This startled us a bit, but then one of my colleagues had the brilliant idea of getting out a map of the world! Once we had a map before us, we saw that both lozenges lay precisely between 30 degrees and 40 degrees north and also spread about 30 degrees east to west, latitudinally. This really did spark us, so we made a grab for the globe.

Now the surface of our earth as seen on a globe is really very different from what we look at on a two-dimensional map, and especially one on what is called the Mercator projection. Just where did these two blobs lie relative to each other as one went around the globe? It turned out that they were centered 160 degrees apart (going around one way) and 200 degrees (going the other). In other words, there did not appear to be any noticeable pattern. If they had been at 180 degrees going both ways, they would have been exactly opposite each other on opposite sides of the earth. But then something else cropped up.

We had been inundated with letters asking for more information on the disappearances of the Israeli and French submarines at the east and west ends of the Mediterranean, respectively, We were naturally unable to add anything to the news reports and official statements. However, the Mediterranean Sea just happens to form a lozenge-shaped blob, also lying between 30 degrees and 40 degrees north, and just about 30 degrees from left to right, latitudinally.

Naturally, we measured the distance between these three blobs. Then something else rather startling came to light. They were arranged on an apparently strict numerical progression—from the Bermuda bit to the Mediterranean, four; the Mediterranean to the Japanese, five; and the Japanese to the Bermuda, six.

Now, I don’t like such neat patterns emerging in anything in nature; it looks far too much as though somebody had got the idea first, and then tried to fit the facts into it. You can fit almost anything into almost anything else if you try hard enough; as any mathematician, statistician, or police officer can tell you. However, Nature is to a great extent fairly orderly and does display rather neat patterns.

So we had three ‘blobs’ in a line—and the same line, please note—of something. But just what? At this point I started doing some hard thinking. If there are three such areas between 30 degrees and 40 degrees north latitude, could there be equivalents at 30 degrees and 40 degrees south latitude? A subsequent investigation into plane, ship, and sub losses in the southern hemisphere yielded some amazing results.

There turned out to be three exactly similar areas situated below the equator. These lie off the east coasts of South America, South Africa, and Australia. All proved to be precisely within 30 degrees to 40 degrees of latitude south, and also to be about 30 degrees of longitude in width. But very strangely, they were all tilted up to the right or east, as were also those in the northern hemisphere! Frankly, this does not seem to make sense, because our planet is a sphere and the southern hemisphere should mirror the northern. So we started looking for some physical reason for this clear pattern.

The first thing that emerged was that these vortices in the southern hemisphere wee precisely shifted the same number of degrees to the east in all cases. Then one further fact came to light. Of all the possible known physical factors that could cause this pattern—temperature, barometric pressure, and, above all, geomagnetic anomalies—only one fitted, and this was surface ocean currents!

Five of these six areas—the Mediterranean alone being in a different category—lie on the right or east sides of the continents, {Before the African continent collided with the land north of it about 12 million years ago, this would not be the case. But it would not have been on the right of any land then. Remember this is where the Great Pyramid serves some Earth Energy Grid function and somehow is located on the nearest firm foundation to the center of all the land masses on earth.} and all precisely in curious areas where hot surface currents stream out of the tropical latitudes toward the colder waters of the temperate, subpolar and eventually polar areas. What is more, the two principal ones in the northern hemisphere, in accordance with the simple behavior of waters on a spinning globe, turn clockwise, while the three in the southern hemisphere turn counterclockwise. There is nothing odd about this; but there is about the fact that said twirls all make their tightest turns precisely in these five locations…

{He goes on to detail how other occurrences are problematic in these same areas and highlights the fact that disappearances that leave no trace only happen to such a high proportion in these areas. He then got a letter from a woman whose brothers in the Navy and Air Force had told her things that result in ten ‘blobs’ or lozenges which fit the ancient Pentagon-dodecahedron knowledge which he does not mention and may not have known about. He also makes it clear he sees none of the UFO or ET things to this which Cathie and others do.}

The significance of this may be lost on most of us ordinary and non-mathematically orientated folk, so I asked our chief geometer, who is also a specialist electronics engineer, to tell me how to put it. His reply was very clear and, to me at least, simple; namely, that there would appear to be ten funny places on the surface of our planet which lie opposite each other in a particular manner… demonstrated that all five of them {Skewers placed through the globe at the points of the lozenges.} were battling to pass through the exact center of the earth.” (3)

Thus we have the Great Pyramid serving as the keystone to the surface of the earth and these vortices of energy derived out of some deep earth energy which I also relate to the meteorites from space finding a reason to collect in Antarctica or the large one drawn to the Bermuda Triangle. Research on the tensile strength of metals over these ‘blots’ shows the fields of energy surrounding the earth has a strong impact on everything and that makes one wonder about many things considered foolish about astrology or other psycho-spiritual sciences. Imagine attuning oneself to these energies and directing them.

Notes:

1) Planet Earth, by Jonathan Weiner, Bantam Books/WQED Pittsburgh, NY, 1986, pgs. 167-8.

2) Ibid., pg.174.

3) Invisible Residents, by Ivan T. Sanderson, F. L. S., F. R. G. S., M. A. (Cantab.), The World Publishing Company, New York and Cleveland, 1970, pgs. 137-144.

Time Travel Theory

Throughout history, physicists have been discussing the plausibility of time travel. The theory of relativity allows for time travel into the future, going at high speeds returning to earth only aging slightly compared to your peers. Einstein's theory is a theory of space and time, it should be no surprise that black holes offer, in concept, a way to travel through space and time as well. Since it is possible in concept only, it does not mean that it has been achieved as of yet. Black holes are the product of a collapse of a massive star that has such an extreme gravitational force that it keeps light particles from leaving its surface, making the star practically invisible. Black holes act like a one way street, only allowing objects to fall into the black hole but nothing can escape from its gravitational pull. In the 1960's a mathematician from New Zealand, Roy Kerr said, that if a black hole is rotating a singularity forms in the shape of a ring. In principle, it would be possible to dive into such a space and through the ring, to emerge in another place and time. The "Kerr Solution" was the first mathematical example of a time machine. Nobody took Kerr's idea seriously until the 1970's when astronomers discovered what seemed to be real black holes in our galaxy and the hearts of other galaxies. There is an interior tunnel in the exact Kerr solution of the Einstein Field of Equations, but it is unstable. The slightest disturbance inside would seal it off and turn the tunnel into a physical singularity which would allow nothing to pass through it.

White holes are practically just like black holes in the way they are formed. The difference is that, in white holes, objects are pushed away from the center, unlike black holes which engulf objects not allowing them to escape their gravitational force. Therefore, black holes and white holes must be connected in some way, theorists believe they are connected by worm holes. If this is true, the way that this system would work is that the object would be pulled in through the black hole and shot through the wormhole at a speed close to that of light and then at the end the object would be pushed out through the white hole in another area in space. Antigravity is a force that is opposite to gravity, instead of attracting all objects, it repels them. This works kind of like when two protons come in contact with each other. Wormholes are theoretical objects in space. Wormholes are tunnels that connect two areas of space. Theoretically, black holes and white holes are connected by wormholes. Therefore, the black holes suck objects in and then are spewed out of white holes in another area in space. The tunnels that connect the two holes are called wormholes.

The traveling through the wormhole will cause you to emerge into another universe. The problem with emerging in this new world is finding a way to get home. The only way to get back to where you came from is by finding another black hole that will cause you to emerge in an area in the place which you left from. Otherwise there will be difficulty in returning to your home.

What is needed for time travel is an object that is massive enough to create distortion of space-time. Today's great physicist Stephen Hawking has already discredited the possibility of creating time machines. Although Stephen Hawking is a great physicist, his thoughts of time travel being impossible have been discredited by an Israeli researcher, Amos Ori. Ori found a flaw in the argument put forward by Hawking, claiming to rule out any possibility of time travel.

Physicists look more deeply into general relativity for details concerning time travel. In these areas of astrophysics and cosmology, the existence of black holes and wormholes is the only place to look for a mathematical or any type of equation to the existence of these celestial bodies. Cosmology is the study of large scale structures, the composition and evolution of the universe. Astrophysics is an older type of astronomy that uses the theory of relativity, along with other attributes to help explain certain occurrences in the universe.


The main purpose of Einstein's theory of special relativity was to establish the similarities of the reproduction of light and the validity of the physical laws in all frames. Galileo felt that time was constant at all times throughout the universe and Lorentz felt that when an object is moving it makes time move at a slower rate than that of the stationary clock.

Einstein proved that time can seem to travel at different speeds, the speed at which the time seems to travel all depends upon the state of motion of the observer. Einstein said that a clock in a moving laboratory would seem to tick slower than a set of clocks in a reference laboratory.

When discovering how wormholes are created, it was practically common sense. Gravity pushes matter together, creating singularities to close the wormhole. But the wormhole would be able to stay open, if a form of matter gives off a negative pressure which had antigravity associated with it. As Newton's third law of motion states, any object that comes in contact with a force an equal and opposite force will be distributed. This third law proves that if a wormhole would exist in the universe, that it would not be closed shut because of the equal and opposite force given against it. Since wormholes are the connectors of black holes and white holes, there is an equality being created at each of the two ends. The amount of force that the black hole is forcing onto the wormhole the white hole absorbs and distorts into another area in the universe. Therefore this existing system works in a complete equilibrium.

One of the problems with time travel in the past is called the "grandparent" paradox. Suppose that you are back in time and kill your grandparents before they have any children. By doing this do you eliminate your own existence? Doing something of that sort is forbidden, and in a sense you would have no free will since you are not "allowed" to kill your grandparent then. Paradoxes limit the free will of people since they are not allowed to kill their grandparent due to the laws of causality. Causality refers to the power, by which one event causes another. It has been believed that some kind of connection is necessary between the cause and the effect of events. The study of causality has centered, in part, on trying to discover and define this connection. It is easy to see how one can make a time machine if one will consider the "twin paradox" in special relativity. If there are two people, one is in a fixed position and the other is moving at a high speed relative to the person at the fixed position. Each of the people have a watch in their hands, the person moving at a high velocity's clock will seem to be moving relatively slower compared to the person just standing there. This occurs because of the time dilation in special relativity.

We are all time travelers in one sense, or another, simply by the process of aging. We are all moving towards our future, according to decisions we make in the present and made in the past. As for today's world time travels might be allowed theoretically, but real ones are still science fiction.

May You Know : Alien

The topic of alien life has played upon the minds of being incarnate upon the earth plane for eons of time. In earlier civilizations, alien visitation and contacts were nothing unordinary. Yet in the present day with our warlike and conquering nature, the peaceful interactions with our extra-terrestrial counterparts have decreased with a increase in negative contacts with sinister motives. Do not be alarmed, for our allies are still with us and they are aiding in the battle to eliminate the negative influences on our world as they have always done. We provide a basic comprehensive list of the four alien races most influential on earth and their attributes in the following paragraphs.

Andromedians: These entities reside and come from the Andormeda Galaxy, that move in inter-stellar light travel. They have hyper-light traveling capabilities, as they can travel from one side of the universe to the next in a matter of seconds. These beings are very thin, standing eight to ten feet tall and are extremely beautiful. This race is so spiritually evolved that they no longer have the need for physical bodies. In ancient mythology, they are referred to as the winged gods. These beings do not eat, as they live off the prana(energy) of the universe. Andromedians have taken care of humanity for centuries as they consider us their brothers and sisters. Their mother ship is here at this moment in our stratosphere, and our government is very aware of this and can do no-thing about it. The Andromedians have inspired prophets and philosophers alike. Their teachings have been perverted and manipulated to control the masses and enslave the people, and this has been allowed. These beings are of a positive orientation.

Pleiadians: These beings reside and come from the star constellation named the Pleiades. There are seven stars in the Pleiades, and these beings come from the star known as Taygeta. Out of the nine planets that orbit this star, only four are inhabited with living beings. Their home world is the planet Erra, which is very similar to our planet earth. They share the same plant and animal life as on earth, and their days are only six tenths of a second less than on earth. These beings are millions of years older than earthlings, and are more spiritually advanced than earth beings. The typical lifespan of a Pleiadian is 700 years or more as only 400 million people reside on the planet Erra, as opposed to the extremely over population of earth which is above 6 billion. There is no dishonesty on Erra as their form of communication is through telepathy. The basic necessities of life are provided freely, as there is no need for money, wealth, and power. Pleiadians resemble earth beings, the only difference is lighter skin. The Galactic Federation of Light consists of many entities from the Pleiades, as the GFL is our main ally in the battle to save our planet from certain destruction The Pleiadians are of a positive orientation. Grey

Greys: There are many variations of the Grey species found in this universe, you may have seen this species depicted in popular film media as the short grey aliens with huge bulging black eyes. The Greys originally started out as tall blond-haired humanoids in the Rigel system, but were subject to heavy nuclear radiation over long periods of time. This changed their DNA and glandular structure dramatically, which caused them to devolve into their current form. This nuclear exchange occurred approximately 300,000 years ago. These beings are nocturnal, as their eyes are very sensitive to ultraviolet light. They have the ability to control their heart rate, and their brains have more lobes than that of a human brain. These beings communicate telepathically as they only have a horizontal slit for a mouth, and function in a hive mind like manner. These beings have problems with their digestive system, and they compensate that by absorbing glandular secretions through their skin from animals they abduct, as well as semen extracts from human beings in nocturnal emissions or abductions as well. These beings co-operate with our current governmental structures for reasons of global domination and control. They replace world leaders that are against this cause, with clones and hybrid Grey entities. These beings are of a neutral orientation, as they can perceive human emotions but do not comprehend what they mean to us.

Reptilian Reptilians: This race of beings, is perhaps the greatest threat to humanity today, as it had been for hundreds of thousands of years in the past. Many years ago, the ancient astronauts of our planet were engaged in a fierce battle with these beings, and the Annunaki Reptilians were forced into underground caverns where the battle continued until most of these beings were destroyed, though a few survived and are present in our world today as you read this article. There is a global cover-up of the existence of this race of beings. The dinosaur bones claimed to be of massive beasts from prehistoric periods may actually be the remains of the Reptilians destroyed in the ancient battle. These beings have long heads with vertical slit pupils, most of the reptilian hierarchy of the previous ages are green or brown, yet there are those who survived and evolved in the deep and dark caverns of the earth that have mutated into an albino white form.

The reptilians have set up various bases on the earth as well as inside of Venus, and many other locations throughout the galaxy as they are a conquering race. These beings have no regard for humans as they eat us like we eat chicken, there are numerous underground facilities with massive storage rooms of human cadavers. These beings are not dependant on humans as a source of food though, as their main form of booty is the gold of our world that sustains the environment of their home world. They do not fear humans as they consider themselves far more superior in intelligence and beauty than us, they view us a repulsive and disgusting looking creatures. The Bush family and many of their associates are reported to be the humanoid reptilians of our day, as well as many members of English and British royalty. These beings are of a negative orientation.

The Fine Tuning in the Universe

He Who created the seven heavens in layers. You will not find any flaw in the creation of the All-Merciful. Look again-do you see any gaps? Then look again and again. Your sight will return to you dazzled and exhausted! (Qur'an, 67:3-4)

He to Whom the kingdom of the heavens and the earth belongs. He does not have a son and He has no partner in the Kingdom. He created everything and determined it most exactly. (Qur'an, 25:2)

Materialist philosophy emerged with the claim that all the systems in nature and the universe were like machines that functioned on their own, that the flawless order and balance within them were the work of chance. However, today, the false nature of materialism and of Darwinism, its so-called scientific foundation, has been scientifically demonstrated. (See Harun Yahya, The Evolution Deceit, and Darwinism Refuted)

The scientific discoveries of the 20th century that followed swiftly, one after the other, in the fields of astrophysics and biology have proved that life and the universe were created. As the theses of Darwinism collapsed, the Big Bang theory has shown that the universe was created from nothing. Discoveries have revealed that there is a great design and fine-tuning in the material world and this has categorically demonstrated the groundless nature of the claims of materialism.

Considering the conditions necessary for life, we see that only the Earth meets these particular conditions. For an environment suitable for life, there are innumerable conditions taking place simultaneously and unceasingly all around us. There are some hundred billion galaxies, each with-on average-a hundred billion stars. In all the galaxies, there are perhaps as many planets as stars.1 In the face of such overpowering numbers, one can better comprehend the significance of the formation of such an exceptional environment on the Earth.

From the force of the Big Bang explosion to the physical values of atoms, from the levels of the four basic forces to the chemical processes in the stars, from the type of light emitted by the Sun to the level of viscosity of water, from the distance of the Moon to the Earth to the level of gases in the atmosphere, from the Earth's distance from the Sun to its angle of tilt to its orbit, and from the speed at which the Earth revolves around its own axis to the functions of the oceans and mountains on the Earth: every single detail is ideally suited to our lives. Today, the world of science describes these features by means of the concepts of the "Anthropic Principle" and "Fine-Tuning." These concepts summarise the way that the universe is not an aimless, uncontrolled, chance collection of matter but that it has a purpose directed towards human life and has been designed with the greatest precision.

Attention is drawn in the above verses to the measure and harmony in Allah's creation. The word "taqdeer," meaning "to design, measure, create by measuring," is employed in Qur'anic verses such as Surat al-Furqan 2. The word "tibaaq," meaning "in harmony," is used in Surat al-Mulk 3 and Surah Nuh 15. Furthermore, Allah also reveals in Surat al-Mulk with the word "tafaawut," meaning "disagreement, violation, non-conformity, disorder, opposite," that those who seek disharmony will fail to find it.

The term "fine-tuning," which began to be used towards the end of the 20th century, represents this truth revealed in the verses. Over the last quarter-century or so, a great many scientists, intellectuals and writers have shown that the universe is not a collection of coincidences. On the contrary, it has an extraordinary design and order ideally suited to human life in its every detail. (See Harun Yahya, The Creation of the Universe and A Chain of Miracles) Many features in the universe clearly show that the universe has been specially designed to support life. The physicist Dr. Karl Giberson expresses this fact thus:

In the 1960s, some physicists observed that our universe appears to have been fine-tuned for the existence of human life. 2

The Speed of the Big Bang Explosion:

The balances established with the Big Bang, the instantaneous formation of the universe, are one of the proofs that the universe did not come into being by chance. According to the well-known Adelaide University professor of mathematical physics Paul Davies, if the rate of expansion that took place following the Big Bang had been just one in a billion billion parts different (1/1018), the universe could not have come into being. 3

The Four Forces:

All physical motion in the universe comes about thanks to the interaction and equilibrium of the four forces recognised by modern physics: gravity, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force. These forces possess extraordinarily different values to one another.4

The Distances between Celestial Bodies:

The distribution of celestial bodies in space and the enormous spaces between them are essential to the existence of life on Earth. The distances between celestial bodies have been set out in a calculation compatible with a great many powerful universal forces in such a way as to support life on Earth.5

Gravity:

- If gravity were stronger, excessive ammonia and methane would collect in the Earth's atmosphere, which would have a most damaging effect on life.

- If it were weaker, the Earth's atmosphere would lose excessive quantities of water, making life impossible.

The Earth's Distance from the Sun:

- If this were any greater, the planet would grow very cold, the water cycle in the atmosphere would be affected, and the planet would enter an ice-age.

- If the Earth were any closer to the Sun, plants would burn up, the water cycle in the Earth's atmosphere would be irreparably damaged, and life would become impossible.

The Thickness of the Earth's Crust:

- If the crust were any thicker, then an excessive amount of oxygen would be transferred to it from the atmosphere.

- If it were any thinner, the resulting amount of volcanic activity would make life impossible.

The Speed at which the Earth Revolves:

- If this were any slower, the temperature difference between day and night would grow enormously.

- If it were any faster, then atmospheric winds would reach enormous speeds, and cyclones and storms would make life impossible.

The Earth's Magnetic Field:

- If this were any more powerful, very strong electromagnetic storms would arise.

- If it were any weaker, then the Earth would lose its protection against the harmful particles given off by the Sun and known as solar winds. Both situations would make life impossible.

The Albedo Effect (The Fraction of Light Reflected by the Earth):

- If this were any greater, an ice-age would rapidly result.

- If it were any less, the greenhouse effect would lead to excessive warming. The Earth would first be flooded with the melting of the glaciers, and would then burn up.

The Proportion of Oxygen and Nitrogen in the Atmosphere:

- If this were any greater, vital functions would be adversely accelerated.

- If it were any less, vital functions would adversely slow down.

The Proportion of Carbon Dioxide and Water in the Atmosphere:

- If this were any greater, the atmosphere would overheat.

- If it were any less, the temperature of the atmosphere would fall.

The Thickness of the Ozone Layer:

- If this were any greater, the Earth's temperature would fall enormously.

- If it were any less, the Earth would overheat and be defenceless against the harmful ultraviolet rays emitted by the Sun.

Seismic Activity (Earthquakes):

- If this were any greater, there would be constant upheaval for living things.

- If it were any less, the nutrients at the sea bottom would fail to spread into the water. This would have a damaging effect on life in the seas and oceans and all living things on Earth.

The Earth's Angle of Tilt:

The Earth has a 23 degree angle of inclination to its orbit. It is this inclination that gives rise to the seasons. If this angle were any greater or any less than it is now, the temperature difference between the seasons would reach extreme dimensions, with unbearably hot summers and bitterly cold winters.

The Size of the Sun:

A smaller star than the Sun would mean the Earth would freeze and a larger star would lead to its burning up.

The Attraction between the Earth and the Moon:

- If this were any greater, the powerful attraction of the Moon would have extremely serious effects on atmospheric conditions, the speed at which the Earth revolves around its own axis and on the ocean tides.

- If it were any less, this would lead to extreme climate changes.

The Distance between the Earth and the Moon:

- If they were just a little closer, the Moon would crash into the Earth.

- If they were any further, the Moon would become lost in space.

- If they were even a little closer, the Moon's effect on the Earth's tides would reach dangerous dimensions. Ocean waves would inundate low-lying areas. The friction emerging as a result of this would raise the temperature of the oceans and the sensitive temperature balance essential to life on Earth would disappear.

- If they were even a little further away, the tides would decrease, leading the oceans to be less mobile. Immobile water would endanger life in the seas, and the level of the oxygen we breathe would be endangered.6

The Temperature of the Earth and Carbon-Based Life:

The existence of carbon, the basis of all life, depends on the temperature remaining within specific limits. Carbon is an essential substance for organic molecules such as amino-acid, nucleic acid and protein: These constitute the basis of life. For that reason, life can only be carbon-based. Given this, the existing temperature needs to be no lower than -20 degrees and no higher than 1200 Celsius (2480 F). These are just the temperature limits on Earth.

These are just a few of the exceedingly sensitive balances which are essential for life on Earth to have emerged and to survive. Yet even these are sufficient to definitively reveal that the Earth and the universe could not have come into being as the result of a number of consecutive coincidences. The concepts of "fine-tuning" and the "anthropic principle" that began to be employed in the 20th century are further evidence of Allah's creation. The harmony and proportion therein were described with magnificent accuracy fourteen centuries ago in the Qur'an.

Java Programming Language

Java is a programming language formulated by Sun Microsystems and was publicized in 1995 as a core component of Sun's Java platform. The language was obtained from C and C++ to a great extent. In this virtual world of an Internet Marketing, windfall profits have made the Java one of the fastest-growing and most extensively used programming language.

"Java" generally refers to a combination of three things:

1. Java programming language: It is a high-level, object-oriented programming language. Java is centered on creating & manipulating objects, and making the objects to work together.
2. Java Virtual Machine: Short for JVM, it is a high-performance virtual machine that executes byte codes on a specific computing platform.
3. Java platform: A JVM running compiled Java byte codes, usually calling on a set of standard libraries such as those provided by Java Standard Edition or Enterprise Edition . Though coupled by design, the language does not imply the JVM, and vice versa.

Java is a revolutionary language and so, for this reason, it is the most accepted computing language in use today for a wide-ranging purpose. Some of the substantial benefits of Java Programming language are:

1. Java is Architectural Neutral: Since Java's applications are typically piled-up to a byte-code and as its' integration is done into all the major operating system, so, for this reason, Java Program can be accessed on any platform with a Java Virtual Machine. Hence, one of the most compelling reason that persuade anyone to Java is its Portability, i.e. - Platform Independence and so developers will be just requiring for the writing of one version and that one version will be running on all the platforms without having to be recompiled. Java runs on most major hardware and software platforms, counting Windows 95 and NT, the Macintosh, and several varieties of UNIX as well.
2. Security: Language and platform were devised by maintaining the issue of security in mind. All browsers, whether it is a compiler, interpreter or Java-compatible, all hold a number of security measures. They are intended to diminish the risk of security compromise, loss of data and program integrity, and damage to system users. The Java platform allows a user to download an untrusted code over a network and run it in a secure environment as it will protect the host system to not to get infected with a virus.
3. Programmer Efficiency and Time-to-Market: The final and perhaps the most significant cause for taking the Java into a use is that it is well-liked by the programmers because with Java, they entertain a quick results and it makes their efficiency increase to the great extent. As Java is a simple and elegant language with a well-designed, intuitive set of APIs, programmers are able to write better code that too without shelling-out embarrassing amount of money. This thing reduces the development time.

Hence for these considerable benefits, Java is chosen as the programming language for the network computers (NC) and has been perceived as a universal front end for the enterprise database.

Why Should Calculus?

In simplest terms calculus is just an extension of algebra and geometry. It's not necessarily an entirely different subject, it just uses the tools of algebra to tackle new problems involving the rate of change for a curve whereas ordinary high school algebra and geometry do with straight lines and linear slopes. If you were to push a crate up an incline and that incline or straight you exert a constant force to move the crate up the slope since the slope is straight and unchanging. But if that's slope were curved, you have to exert different levels of force at different points along the slope. As you reach deeper points on the curve you have to exert extra force to deal with the extra steepness. Therefore the force which we are measuring is changing depending on where you are.

In this example, the amount of force on a Cartesian plane would represent y, and the distance covered would represent X. At any point, y would be dependent on X though X is constantly changing. They're two branches of calculus, one that measures the rate of change at any given specific point on the plan. And one that takes a specific point on the plane and works backwards to determine the rate of change. The first is known as the derivative second is known as the integral. They're really two sides the same coin. Calculus has many uses in science and engineering and also in business and economics. Very few things in the real world function with constant rates of change. The world is dynamic, chaotic and requires a former mathematics that can deal with its dynamic states. Therefore calculus is one of the most useful areas of knowledge that human beings have. Many people consider algebra and geometry simply to be preparation for calculus. Many students wonder what the applications are for much of what they learn in mathematics. It doesn't seem like the tools they learn in algebra and geometry have much use in the real world. But quite the opposite is true. For students who continue on the calculus, they begin to see how useful those skills are because they can be applied to many areas, and many disciplines ranging from mechanical engineering, to psychology, to medicine, to business.

Preparation for calculus should involve understanding how to work with polynomials, plane geometry and a good understanding of functions. Calculus basically studies functions on a Cartesian plane that are curved and changing. These functions are represented by nonlinear equations and polynomials and learning to manipulate nonlinear equations and polynomials is an important skill. These skills are developed during algebra and geometry and put into real application once calculus is reached to be able to study the real world the way it truly exists -in dynamic, kinetic and sometimes chaotic states rather than simple, clean linear ones.

Pascal Programming Language

Pascal programming language was created in late 1960s by a Swiss computer scientist Niklaus Wirth. It is based on the ALGOL programming language and named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal. Initially, it was intended to teach computer programming because it encourages structured programming and using data structures. This is how the famous "hello world" program looks like:

Program HelloWorld (Output);

begin

Writeln ('Hello, world!');

end.

Definitions for data types and structures are simple and clear. Language provides an orthogonal and recursive approach to data structures. You can declare arrays of arrays (multidimensional arrays), arrays of records, records containing arrays, file elements can be records, arrays, records containing arrays of records, etc. Some examples:

Type
TDay = 1..31;

TMonth = 1..12;

SimpleArray = Array [1..1000] of Integer;

2D_Array = Array [1..1000, 0..3] of Real;

Friend = (Barbara, Alice, Rebecca, Laura);
DateType = Record

Day: TDay;

Month: TMonth;

Year: Integer;

end;
Var Birthday: Array [Friend] of DateType;

The first major milestone in Pascal history was Turbo Pascal. Based on the compiler written by Anders Hejlsberg, the product was licensed to Borland, and integrated into an IDE. It was also available on the CP/M platform, but the biggest success Borland achieved with Turbo Pascal for DOS. Borland continued the tradition of successful Pascal compilers with Delphi. Delphi is a visual rapid application development environment using Object Pascal as programming language. There is also an open-source compiler available: Free Pascal. It is a 32 and 64-bit compiler for various processors like Intel x86, Amd64, PowerPC, Sparc and ARM. Pascal is also used for development of embedded systems. Compilers are available for microcontrollers like 8051, AVR and ARM.

In 1983 the language was standardized as IEC/ISO 7185. In 1990 an extended standard was created as ISO/IEC 10206. The ISO Pascal is somehow limited because it lacks some features like strings and units. The most known and used syntax is the Borland Turbo Pascal syntax which added necessary features to fill the gaps in the ISO standard. There is also a derivative of Turbo Pascal known as Object Pascal (used in Borland Delphi) which was designed for object oriented programming.

Today, Pascal is still popular in various areas but not that much it was decades ago. It was replaced mainly with C which is available for almost any platform. Nevertheless, there is still a large community that finds Pascal programming language an excellent choice. It is easy to learn and easy to read. If you give your identifiers meaningful names you can read the program almost like a plain English text. Therefore it is very easy to transfer any algorithm into program. In addition to this the language is not case sensitive which is another step closer to English language.

There are endless debates and comparisons of Pascal and C programming languages. Some favor Pascal, other like C. There is no winner. Both languages are used to describe an algorithm. It is up to the programmer to choose his preferred language.